Wireless payment method and systems

ABSTRACT

A method for conducting a transaction is disclosed. The method includes using a first portable electronic device, and directly transmitting a request for payment to a second portable electronic device through a wireless link. Then, the second portable electronic device transmits an approval of the request for payment to the first portable electronic device. One of the first and the second portable electronic devices then sends the request for payment to a payment hub service. The payment hub service then facilitates the transfer of funds from a payer institution to a payee institution to complete the transaction.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

None

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A number of payment solutions exist. Existing payment solutions includesmart cards. A smart card is typically a credit card-sized plastic cardthat includes an integrated circuit chip. Tile smart card interfaceswith a card reader at a point-of-sale terminal at a merchant. The cardreader interface on the card can include contacts, which can contactcontacts on the card reader. During operation, signals from theintegrated circuit are routed to the contacts on the card which comeinto physical contact with similar contacts in the card reader device sothat the smart card can communicate with the outside world.

While smart cards are desirable, a number of improvements could be made.For example, existing smart card payment applications do not allow apayer to choose an exact source account for providing the payment and donot allow a payee to choose an exact target account for receiving thepayment. They also do not allow payers and payees who might not havetraditional card reader hardware to conduct financial transactions. Forexample, one family member may owe a debt to another family member. Thistransaction would be limited to either a cash or check-type transaction,since the family members would not operate card reader devices likethose operated by merchants.

Also, when using a smart card, a payer may initiate a request forpayment at a card reader at a point of sale. The card reader thencommunicates with a remotely located server computer, which approves ofthe transaction and facilitates subsequent processing to conclude thetransaction. Since the initial request for payment and the subsequentacceptance of the initial request for payment require a server computer,a payer and a payee that do not have immediate access to a servercomputer may not be able to conduct the transaction at any time and atany location. For example, the payer and the payee may be at a locationwhich does not provide for easy access to any computer network, letalone a particular payment server computer.

Embodiments of the invention address the above-noted problems, and otherproblems, individually and collectively.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention are directed to methods, systems, computerreadable media, and portable electronic devices that are useful forconducting transactions.

One embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for conducting atransaction comprising: using a first portable electronic device,directly transmitting a request for payment to a second portableelectronic device through a wireless link; receiving approval of therequest for payment at the first portable electronic device, wherein theapproval is sent directly from the second portable electronic device tothe first portable electronic device through the wireless link; and thensending the request for payment to a payment hub service.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method offacilitating a transaction comprising: receiving an approval of arequest for payment at a server computer at a payment hub service,wherein the approval of the request for payment was obtained after afirst portable electronic device directly transmitted a request forpayment to a second portable electronic device through a wireless link,and after the approval of the request was received at the first portableelectronic device, wherein the approval was sent directly from thesecond portable electronic device to the first portable electronicdevice through the wireless link; and then facilitating payment from apayer's account to a payee's account.

Other embodiments of the invention are directed to computer readablemedia comprising code for performing the above-noted methods.

Other embodiments of the invention are directed to portable electronicdevices and server computers.

Embodiments of the invention have a number of advantages. Embodiments ofthe invention can be used to conduct financial transactions using anexisting payments infrastructure and using the computing capabilities incommon handheld wireless devices like cell phones or personal digitalassistants. Embodiments of the invention can also support the sendingand receiving of payments between dissimilar payment methods andservices. Payment requests can be submitted to a trusted intermediarycapable of brokering between dissimilar payer and payee payment methods.Embodiments of the invention also can also allow payers and payees tospecify the exact source and target financial accounts and institutionsto be used in conducting a transaction, and can also establish trustbetween parties.

These and other embodiments of the invention are described below withreference to the Figures and the Detailed Description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a system according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram showing some components of a portableelectronic device according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart illustrating steps in a method according to anembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention include transactions between two or moreparties (e.g., a payer, a payee, etc.) using portable electronic devicesthat communicate through one or more wireless links. The parties'portable electronic devices communicate with each other directly throughthe one or more wireless links, rather than indirectly through a paymentapplication located in a third device or computer such as a servercomputer.

In one exemplary illustration of an embodiment of the invention, eitherthe payee or payer directly transmits a request for payment from a firstportable electronic device to a second portable electronic deviceoperated by the opposite party to the transaction, i.e., if the payerinitiates the request, it is received by the payee, and if the payeeinitiates the request, it is received by the payer. The transmission ofthe request for payment occurs through a wireless link that provides fora direct communication channel between the first portable electronicdevice and the second portable electronic device. The second portableelectronic device then receives the request for payment. After receivingthe request for payment, the party operating the second portableelectronic device transmits an approval of the request for payment tothe first portable electronic device through the wireless link.

After the request for acceptance has been initiated and accepted, therequest for payment is sent to a payment hub service. Providers of thepayment hub service may include entities such as banks or credit cardprocessors. The payment hub service may be remotely located with respectto the portable electronic devices and facilitates the transfer of fundsfrom a payer institution such as a payer bank to a payee institutionsuch as a payee bank. The request for payment may be transmitted to thepayment hub service by either the first portable electronic device orthe second portable electronic device. Further details regardingpreferred embodiments of the invention are provided below.

The various parties that participate in the transaction may havedifferent roles. For example, the roles may include a “payer”, a“payee”, a “transmitter”, an “initiator”, and a “recipient”. A singleperson or organization may have more than one role. For example, a payercan also be a transmitter and an initiator in some embodiments.

As used herein, the “payer” is the party that pays value in atransaction. The “payee” is the party that receives value in thetransaction. The “transmitter” is the party that communicates therequest for payment to the payment hub service. Either the payer or thepayee may be the transmitter. The transmitter may have a relationshipwith the payment hub service.

The “initiator” of the request for payment in the transaction is theparty whose portable electronic device (or application residing ia theportable electronic device) will begin the transaction by initiating therequest for payment. Either the payer or payee may initiate the request.The “recipient” of the request for payment is the party whose portableelectronic device (or application residing in the portable electronicdevice) will receive the initial request for payment. Either the payeror payee may receive the request.

Embodiments of the invention provide for a number of advantages. First,embodiments of the invention can be used for a wide variety of paymentsbetween individuals, partnerships or corporations in place of cash orpersonal checks. For example, embodiments of the invention can be usedfor traditional purchases from established merchants; or other paymentsto individuals or groups where cash or checks are most common today.Second, embodiments of the invention also provide the payer with theconvenience of paying in an auditable, secure manner. They can decreaserisk of loss through theft, and can provide a record of payment date,amount and payee. They can also provide the payee with the security ofpayments facilitated by trusted institutions, thereby providing forreduced repudiation risk, faster funds availability, and decreased riskof loss through theft.

Embodiments of the invention can be used in any suitable environmentincluding traditional and non-traditional payment settings. For example,they can be used to support payments to traditional bricks-and-mortarand Internet vendors. They can also be used in different ways including,but not limited to: casual purchasing at events such as garage sales;transferring money to a child attending college; repaying personaldebts; paying child support; and paying domestic employees such asnannies and gardeners.

Specific embodiments of the invention can be described with reference toFIGS. 1-3.

FIG. 1 shows a system 100 which includes a first portable electronicdevice 12 and a second portable electronic device 14. The first portableelectronic device 12 may be operated by a payee while the secondportable electronic device 14 may be operated by a payer. Two portableelectronic devices 12, 14 are shown for simplicity of illustration.However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may use morethan two portable electronic devices in other embodiments of theinvention.

The portable electronic devices 12, 14 may have any suitablecharacteristics, and may be the same or different. For example, theportable electronic devices may be selected from the group consisting ofportable computers, hand-held mobile phones (e.g., cell phones),personal digital assistants, etc., or devices that combinecharacteristics of these examples. Both portable electronic devices 12,14 are capable of short range (e.g., line of sight) wirelesscommunication.

In embodiments of the invention, the portable electronic devices 12, 14may contain digital certificates and cryptogram capabilities thatsupport two-factor authentication and transmission encryption. Securitycan be established between the portable electronic devices 12, 14, andbetween at least one of the portable electronic devices 12, 14 and thepayment hub service 18. As explained below, software applicationsresiding in the portable electronic devices 12, 14 can provide thedesired security. Further details regarding the portable electronicdevices 12, 14 are provided below.

The first and second portable electronic devices 12, 14 can communicatethough a wireless link 50. The wireless link 50 provides a short rangecommunication channel for the first and second portable electronicdevices 12, 14. It may be based on known technologies includinginfrared, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth technologies. See “Evaluation of WirelessTechniques for Short Range Communication” by Jonas Söderkuist.

Providing for direct wireless communication between the first and secondportable electronic devices 12, 14 without an intermediary servercomputer provides a number of advantages. Because an intermediate servercomputer is not needed for initial communication between the payer andthe payee, embodiments of the invention are more likely to be adopted bymore users. First, known servers that act as intermediaries to payersand payees are typically tied to only one type of payment processingsystem. This limits the number of potential users. For example, if aserver computer is operated by the well known company PayPal™, then boththe payee and the payer must be affiliated with PayPal™. The payercannot, for example, transfer funds from the payer's PayPal™ account tothe payee's mutual fund account. However, in embodiments of theinvention, since initial communication between the payer and the payeedoes not require a server computer that is tied to only one type ofpayment processing system, different source and target accounts can beprovided by the payer and the payee to conduct the desired transaction.As explained in detail below, the hub service provider 18 maysubsequently facilitate the task of transferring the appropriate fundsfrom the selected source account to the selected target account, afterthe request for payment has been presented to the payee and accepted bythe payee. Second, since the payer and the payee do not rely on anintermediary server computer for initial communication, the payer andpayee could, but need not have immediate access to a server computer toconduct the transaction. This allows the payer and the payee to conductthe transaction in more places than would be possible if an intermediaryserver computer was used.

The first and second portable electronic devices 12, 14 may communicatewith a network 16. The network 16 may comprise any suitable wired and/orwireless communication medium. For example, the network 16 may includethe Internet.

A payment hub service 18 is in communication with the network 16. Atleast one of the portable electronic devices 12, 14 is capable oflong-range communication, using for example, WiFi, Internet or mobilevoice telephone capability, so that communication with the hub service18 is possible.

The payment hub service 18 may include a server computer. A servercomputer is typically a powerful computer or cluster of computers. Forexample, the server computer may be a large mainframe, a minicomputercluster, or a group of servers functioning as a unit. In one example,the server computer may be a database server coupled to a web server.Moreover, the server computer can behave as a single computer, whichservices the requests of one or more client computers or portableelectronic devices.

The server computer at the payment hub service 18 may include a computerreadable medium that may be embodied by one or more data storage devicesusing any suitable mechanism for data storage. The computer readablemedium may have computer code for performing any of the functions of thepayment hub service 18. For example, the computer readable medium maycomprise code for receiving an approval of a request for payment at aserver computer at a payment hub service, where the approval of therequest for payment was obtained after a first portable electronicdevice directly transmitted a request for payment to a second portableelectronic device through a wireless link, and after the approval of therequest was received at the first portable electronic device, where theapproval was sent directly from the second portable electronic device tothe first portable electronic device through the wireless link. Thecomputer readable medium may also comprise code for facilitating paymentfrom a payer institution to a payee institution.

At least one of the portable electronic devices 12, 14 can communicatewith the remotely located payment hub service 18. The payment hubservice 18 communicates with a payer institution 20 such as a payer bankand a payee institution 24 such a payee bank. An optional intermediary22 may be in communication with the payer institution 20 and the payeeinstitution 24 to help facilitate the transaction. The intermediary 22could be a credit card processing organization, an ACH (automatedclearing house), etc. More than one intermediary 22 may participate infacilitating the transaction. Also, although separate payer and payeeinstitutions are shown, a single payment institution may be used inother embodiments. For example, the payer and the payee may haveaccounts at the same bank.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of some components of a portable electronicdevice according to an embodiment of the invention. The portableelectronic device may include a processor 62 (e.g., a microprocessor)operatively coupled to a memory unit 64 comprising a computer readablemedium, one or more input devices 72, a display 70, a wirelesstransmitter 66, and a wireless receiver 68. The memory unit 64 maycomprise one or more memory devices working in association with eachother or separately.

The one or more input devices 72 may include a keyboard, a touchsensitive pad, a voice-recognition system, etc. The display 70 may be anLCD (liquid crystal display), LED (light emitting diodes), or any othersuitable display. The display 70 allows the payer and the payee toselect the appropriate target and source accounts for their fundstransfer. An optional audio output device such as a speaker or earphonejack could also be included.

The computer readable medium in the memory unit 64 may comprise or useany suitable electrical, magnetic, or optical mechanism for storingcomputer readable data. For example, the computer readable medium maycomprise one or more of an optical disk, memory chips (e.g., RAM chip,ROM chip, EEPROM chip), etc.

Any of the functions performed by the portable electronic device may bestored as computer code. For example, the computer readable medium maycomprise code for directly transmitting a request for payment from afirst portable electronic device to a second portable electronic devicethrough a wireless link, code for receiving approval of the request forpayment, wherein the approval is sent directly from the second portableelectronic device to the first portable electronic device through thewireless link, and code for sending the request for payment to a paymenthub service which facilitates the transfer of funds from a payerinstitution to a payee institution. The computer readable medium mayalso comprise code for allowing the payer to select one or more sourceaccounts and for allowing a payee to select one or more target accountsfor use in the transaction between the payer and the payee. Examples oftarget and source accounts may include bank accounts, mutual fundaccounts, credit card accounts, etc. Lastly, any of the functions may beprogrammed as computer code by those of ordinary skill in the art usingany suitable programming language including C, C++, etc.

The wireless transmitter 66 and wireless receiver 68 may transmit orreceive signals from other wireless transmitters and wireless receiversthrough a wireless link. They may receive and transmit wireless signalssuch as optical signals, IR signals, RF signals, etc. Suitable wirelesstransmitters and receivers are commercially available and need not bedescribed in detail herein.

Preferred methods according to embodiments of the invention can bedescribed with reference to both FIGS. 1 and 3.

A payee 8 and the payer 10 first authenticate themselves to theirrespective portable electronic devices 12, 14 (step 102). Softwareapplications in the first and second portable electronic devices 12, 14are initiated and “unlocked” by the payee 8 and the payer 10 before thepayment by the payer 10 can be enabled. For example, to unlock thesoftware application in the first portable electronic device 12, thepayee 8 provides a secure password to the portable electronic device 12.

In embodiments of the invention, until the software application on aportable electronic device is unlocked by the appropriate party, noother function is permitted. After a specified number of unsuccessfulattempts to unlock the software application have occurred, the softwareapplication can be disabled and cannot be used until the applicationservice provider resets the device. This process may be reused duringother steps of the payment process to ensure security.

As an additional security measure, in some embodiments, neither thepayer nor the payee can view the other's payment account information.Account information can be encrypted in the application and may not bestored in the portable electronic device after the transaction ends.

The software applications residing on the first and second portableelectronic devices 12, 14 may be payment method neutral. In other words,the first and second portable electronic devices may not require thepayer and the payee to use a particular payment method. For example,although in some embodiments, the software applications in the portableelectronic devices 12, 14 may be generalized to support dissimilar payerand payee payment methods. In other embodiments, the portable electronicdevices 12, 14 may work in concert with a single service provider suchas Visa®.

Before the transfer of funds takes place, the payer 10 and payee 8 agreeon the manner in which information is exchanged between their portableelectronic devices 12, 14 though a wireless communication link 50. Thecommunication link 50 may use, for example, WiFi or infrared technology.

After the payer 10 and the payee 8 agree on the manner in whichinformation is exchanged, the payee 8 uses the first portable electronicdevice 14 to initiate a request for payment (step 104). The request forpayment may include role information, the amount of the payment, and thecurrency being used. Although the payee 8 initiates the payment requestin this example, it is understood that in other embodiments, the payer10 can alternatively begin the payment process by selecting a “requestfor payment” in the software application that resides in the payer'sportable electronic device 12, 14. In this alternative embodiment, thesecond portable electronic device 14 would initiate the request forpayment.

After the payee initiates the request for payment, trust is establishedbetween the first and second portable electronic devices 12, 14 (step106). Put another way, security is established between the portableelectronic devices 12, 14 before the payment process can proceed. Eachportable electronic device 12, 14 can establish the identity of theother portable electronic device for checking in all subsequent datatransmissions. For example, the first portable electronic device 12establishes a secure connection to the second portable electronic device14 for checking in all subsequent data transmissions. Establishment ofidentity is performed using credentials present within the softwareapplications in the first and second portable electronic devices 12, 14,without need for both the first and second portable electronic devices12, 14 to authenticate to an intermediary such as an intermediary servercomputer.

Then, the request for payment is approved by the payer 10 (step 108).The payer's second portable electronic device 14 receives the requestfor payment data, and reviews it for acceptability. If the request isacceptable, the payer 10 indicates approval of the requested paymentamount and indicates the payer's role in the transaction using thesoftware application residing on the payer's second portable electronicdevice 14. The payer 10 then uses the second portable electronic device14 to transmit the approval of the request for payment to the payee 8.If the request for payment is not acceptable, then the payer 10 deniesthe request and the denial is transmitted to the payee 8. If the paymentrequest is acceptable, the payer 10 and payee 8 choose a payment methodbefore the proceeding to the next step in the process. Any suitable typeof payment method may be used. For example, the payer 10 may pay thepayee 8 using a credit account, a debit account, etc.

Then, payer 10 account information is provided to the payee 8 (step110). In this step, the software application residing, for example, onthe first portable electronic device 14 collects information fromseveral sources to create a set of data records that will be used with apayment hub service 18 to facilitate the payment. Several data exchangesbetween first and second portable electronic devices 12, 14 may berequired to bring all of the data to the device that will act as thetransmitter. In this instance, the transmitter may be the first portableelectronic device 14 and the payer 10. The exact data exchange processis determined by the roles being played by the payee 8, payer 10, andthe first and second portable electronic devices 12, 14. The softwareapplications residing on the first and second portable electronicdevices 12, 14 ensure that they are in constant contact during thetransaction process.

The payment hub service 18 can act as a broker between different paymentmethods (e.g., credit, debit, and stored value). The payer 10 and payee8 do not have to use the same payment method to accomplish the transfer.For example, the payer 10 may specify that the source of the funds(including account tokens if necessary) will come from the payer's debitcard account. The payee 8 may specify that the target account for thefunds will be the payee's credit account. If the payee 8 and/or thepayer 10 do not want to use their actual financial accounts, proxyaccounts may be used by the payee 8 and/or the payer 10.

Then, the second portable electronic device 14 provides payment auditdetails to the first portable electronic device 12 (step 112). At thebeginning of this step, the payer 8 and the payee 10 confirm the detailsof the payment again. The software application residing in the secondportable electronic device 14 creates an audit record and transmits itto the first portable electronic device 12. This provides a recordindicating that a request for payment and approval thereof has occurredbetween the two portable electronic devices 12, 14. The audit recordcontains a tracking number that will be used in subsequent payment hubservice processing to ensure integrity and audit ability. Each softwareapplication in each portable electronic device 12, 14 records thetracking number and payment date, time and amount for subsequent displayand reconciliation.

Trust is then established between the payment hub service 18 and thesecond portable electronic device 14 (step 114). The second portableelectronic device 14 may communicate with the payment hub service 18through a network 16. In some embodiments, both portable electronicdevices transmit the request for payment to the payment hub service 18.The transmission may occur shortly after the request for payment hasbeen accepted, or may occur sometime after it has been accepted. Eitherthe payer 10 or payee 8 can transmit the request to the payment hubservice 18. In this step, the transmitter (which may be the payer 10 orthe payee 8) and the payment hub service 18 establish the securityneeded for the transmission of payment request data to the payment hubservice 18. Establishment of identity will be performed usingcredentials held within the software application residing in thetransmitting portable electronic device and the payment hub service 18,without need for both parties to authenticate to an intermediary. Thepayment hub service 18 and the second portable electronic device 14 willbe able to establish the identity of each other for checking in allsubsequent data transmissions.

Then, a request payment transaction is performed (step 116). In thisstep, payment request data is transmitted from the transmitter device tothe payment hub service, using the secure network connection andcredentials established in the previous step. For example, in FIG. 1,the second portable electronic device 14 may transmit the paymentrequest data to the payment hub service 18. The software application inthe second portable electronic device 14 provides a standard set ofinformation needed to complete the transfer, including amount, sourceaccount, destination account, tracking number and other informationrequired by the payment hub service 18. The payment hub service 18evaluates the payment request for acceptability, and communicates theresults of the transfer to both the payer 10 and the payee 8.

Then, a payment transaction audit trail is provided (step 118). Thepayment hub service 18 provides advice records to the payer 10 and payee8 account providers for audit and tracking purposes. The advice recordsmay be used for many purposes, including, but not limited to financialreconciliation, risk management, and transaction research.

After the payment hub service 18 receives the request for payment, thepayment hub service 18 transmits advice notification to the payer 10 andthe second portable electronic device 14 (step 122). In someembodiments, the payment hub service 18 retains payment transactionrecords for audit and research. Tracking information supplied by asoftware application residing on at least one of the portable electronicdevices can provide a key for locating audit records.

The payment hub service 18 can also facilitate the transfer of fundsfrom a payer institution 20 such as a payer bank to the payeeinstitution 24 such a payee bank by contacting one or more of theseinstitutions. An intermediary 22 such as a credit card organization, anACH (automated clearing house), etc. may facilitate the transfer offunds from the payer institution 20 to the payee institution 24.

Embodiments of the invention are not limited to those embodimentsspecifically described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 3. For example, insome embodiments, the payment hub service 18 could contain both payerand payee accounts and any transfer of funds can take place solelywithin the payment hub service 18 without the need for a separate payerinstitution 20, intermediary 22, and/or payee institution 24.

The terms and expressions which have been employed herein are used asterms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention inthe use of such terms and expressions of excluding equivalents of thefeatures shown and described, or portions thereof, it being recognizedthat various modifications are possible within the scope of theinvention claimed. Moreover, any one or more features of any embodimentof the invention may be combined with any one or more other features ofany other embodiment of the invention, without departing from the scopeof the invention.

Also, it should be understood that the present invention as describedabove can be implemented in the form of control logic using computersoftware in a modular or integrated manner. Based on the disclosure andteachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art willknow and appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the presentinvention using hardware and a combination of hardware and software.

All references, patent applications, and patents mentioned above areherein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.None of them are admitted to be prior art to the presently claimedinventions.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method comprising: receiving an instruction to transfer funds from a payer account at a payer institution to a payee account at a payee institution, wherein the instruction is received from a payment services hub after the payment services hub receives an approval of a request for payment, wherein the approval of the request for payment was obtained after a first portable electronic device directly transmitted a request for payment to a second portable electronic device through a wireless link, and after the approval of the request was received at the first portable electronic device, wherein the approval was sent directly from the second portable electronic device to the first portable electronic device through the wireless link; and then sending funds from the payer account to the payee account.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the payer institution is a payer bank and the payee institution is a payee bank.
 23. The method of claim 21 wherein the first portable electronic device is a personal digital assistant or a mobile phone.
 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the first portable electronic device is operated by a seller and the second portable electronic device is operated by a buyer.
 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the wireless link comprises an infrared, RF, or optical link.
 26. The method of claim 21 wherein trust was established between the first portable electronic device and the second portable electronic device before the first portable electronic device directly transmitted the request for payment to the second portable electronic device.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the first portable electronic device is a personal digital assistant or a mobile phone.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the first portable electronic device is operated by a seller and the second portable electronic device is operated by a buyer.
 29. The method of claim 27 wherein the wireless link comprises an infrared, RF, or optical link.
 30. The method of claim 27 wherein trust was established between the first portable electronic device and the second portable electronic device before the first portable electronic device directly transmitted the request for payment to the second portable electronic device.
 31. The method of claim 30 wherein the wireless link comprises an infrared, RF, or optical link.
 32. The method of claim 30 wherein the first and second portable electronic devices comprise displays.
 33. The method of claim 21 wherein the first and second portable electronic devices comprise displays.
 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the first and second portable electronic devices comprise digital certificates.
 35. The method of claim 21 wherein the first and second portable electronic devices comprise digital certificates. 